NOSTRAND’S SOIENCE SERIES. \f 


{ 


ut BRME rE rf i 


'pative Tests of Accuy2>Yy, Delivery, ete.— 
tinetive Features of t.° Worthington, 


. gennedy, Siemens an.: tie «2 Meters. 


Bt «Gaya MEM. TECH. SOC. 


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EPRINTED FROM VAN NOwtF' N's 1AGAZINE. 


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sROSS Ee DROYy? ) =. 
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NEW YOBE: 


ee 
D. VAN NOSTRAND, PUBLISHER, ig 
28 McnRAY anp 27 Warren Srikts. “ie 
1885. A 
—- pap oy aie —— ; 


THE VAN NOSTRAND SCIENCE SERIES. 


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No. 1—CHIMNEYS FOR FURNACES, FIREPLACES AND) 
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Nc b Zerah Colbr* us SN 
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. | 7 Craig, of Johns Hopkins University. 


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WATER METERS, 


Comparative Tests of Accuracy, Delivery, ete.— 
Distinctive Features of the Worthington, 
Kennedy, Siemens and Hesse Meters. 


BY 


PODS a BROWNE, 


MEM. a Sac. 


REPRINTED FROM YVAN NOSTRAND’S MAGAZINE. 


NEW YORK: 
I). VAN NOSTRAND, PUBLISHER, 


23 MuRRAY AND 27 WARREN STREETS. 


1885. 


We et 
Pe hates” 


MAR lta 94 OD, 


As this brief essay is merely descriptive 
of certain mechanical devices, it needs no 
explanation in a preface. As the litera- 
ture of the subject is undoubtedly too 
scanty, it needs no apology. We believe 
hydraulic engineers will be found ready 
to welcome any addition to the stock of 
existing information on so practical and 
important a subject. — 

Mr. Browne’s paper has been supple- 
mented with a few descriptions translated 
from an article in Le Génie Civil, by Ch. 
André. 


“Se 


er v is 
oh. aa 
ioe 


WATER METERS. 


ROSS E. BROWNE. 


WATER METERS, 


Wirn the purpose of employing a meter 
for the measurement of water, in connec- 
tion with some hydraulic experiments 
conducted at the University of California, 
the writer instituted a series of tests of a 
meter invented by Prof. F. G. Hesse. 
The accuracy, at various rates of delivery> 
was carefully determined. The results of 
these experiments, properly tabulated, 
furnish a correction for the indicated de- 
livery. It is believed that, where the 
flow is uniform, the possible error in the 
corrected index reading may be safely 
placed at + per cent. 

The meter is of the class known as ve- 
locity or inferential meters, and is so per- 
manent in its sources of error, as to make 
it peculiarly adapted to the purpose 
named. 


8 


These experiments led to comparative 
tests of the Worthington meter. Reli- 
able information was also sought concern- 
ing other meters in common use. It is 
thought that sufficient of interest was 
developed to warrant this paper, particu- 
larly as, in the course of this investiga- 
tion, it was noted: that no great amount 
of accurate and systematic information 
upon this subject is to be found in the 
available files of our engineering and sci- 
entific journals; that the several reports 
consulted, of engineers and superintend- 
ents of water works, while well answering 
their immediate purposes, do not furnish 
facts in sufficient detail to guide the in- 
dependent judgment of one not familiar 
with the construction of the meters in 
competition; that very few of the circu- 
lars of the American manufacturing com- 
panies supply such data as will answer 
for comprehensive comparison.* 


* The circular of the National Meter Co. of New 
York is exceptionally complete, though there is miss- 
ing some of the data necessary to warrant the inclu- 
sion of their rotary Crown Meter in the list of meters 
discussed. 


* 


9 


It will be attempted to bring forward, 
as fairly as may be, the distinctive feat- 
ures of two of the principal forms of Pis- 
ton meter—the Worthington and the 
Kennedy,—and three forms of velocity 
meter—the Siemens of English manufac- 
ture, the Siemens of German manufacture, 
- and the Hesse meter already mentioned. 

The Worthington is widely known in 
the United States. The Kennedy is one 
of the most perfect of the meters used in 
England. The two Siemens meters are 
probably the most extensively employed 
in Europe. The Hesse meter has been 
but recently perfected, and not yet intro- 
duced. If undue prominence has been 
given to the last named meter, the inter- 
est of the writer in his special investiga- 
tion must plead as excuse. 

It is to be regretted that this list can- 
not be made more compréhensive by add- 
ing an example of the rotary piston form, 
such as the Crown. It will be understood 
that, in speaking of the piston meter, 
special reference is only intended to the 
Worthington and the Kennedy. 


10 


These meters will be considered in the 
main with reference to their adaptability 
to house use, or use in the sale by volume 
of water under pressure. 

This being the purpose of a’ meter, it 
should fulfill the following conditions : 


Ist. It should register with a suitable 
degree of accuracy, the quantity of water 
delivered at every rate of flow, from that 
of the maximum capacity of the service 
pipe, to a rate so small as to discourage 
theft. ‘The admissible error is variously 
placed at from 2 to 5 per cent. 


2d. This degree of accuracy should be 
reasonably permanent, 7. ¢., the meter 
should not be subject to any change, 
seriously affecting its accuracy, by wear, 
by shght deposition of sediment, etc. 
Sudden opening and closing of the house 
faucets should not induce any consider- 
able error of registry. 


3d. The introduction of the meter 
should not materially affect the delivery 
of the service pipe; 7. e., should cause no 
serious loss of effective head or pressure. 


WORTHINGTON METER, 5 inch, Scale kk. 


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4th. The price should be small and the 
necessary repairs inexpensive. 

Notwithstanding the demand and the 
effort made by inventors to meet these 
desiderata, such marked success has not 
been attained as to make it a universal 
custom to sell water by the volume. 

In the systems of city supply, there re- 
sult decided advantages from the employ- 
ment of the meter. Reckless waste is 
checked and the consumer is not charged 
for his neighbors’ extravagance. A num- 
ber of comprehensive articles have been 
published “upon this subject, and a few 
. points only will be reiterated. 

It is claimed that nearly one-half of the 
water consumed in our cities is uselessly 
wasted. It is doubtful if this lavish con- 
sumption is on the whole a sanitary bene- 
fit, the waste being in large part the re- 
sult either of leakage or of willful negli- 
gence, and not of a character to effect any 
proper flushing of closets and sewers. By 
placing meters near the point where the 
service pipes enter the premises, and thus 
making the consumers responsible for such 


12 


negligence, and for defective plumbing, a 
wiser use of water is effected. In order 
to prevent the penurious consumer from 
pursuing an economy so stringent as to 
result in certain sanitary evils, it is rec- 
ommended that a minimum quantity of 
say 10 or 20 gallons per capita per diem be 
established, and the consumer charged 
for this whether he use it or not. The 
water department of Providence, R. L., 
makes a minimum charge of $10 per year 
(equivalent to about 100 gallons per diem) 
for each meter service. Meters were pro- 
vided, in Providence, for about one-half 
the total number of services, and a decided 
economy effected. The daily consump- 
tion at present is about 350 gallons per 
service, or 25 to 30 per capita—less than 
one-half the average in American cities. 
When the water supply of a city, em- 
ploying few meters, becomes inadequate 
to meet the demands of the consumers, 
two propositions may be entertained: the 
increasing of the capacity of its water 
works, and the introduction of meters. It 
is maintained that in most cases the latter 


13 


proposition is by far the more economi- 
eal. As the city grows, it will, from time 
to time, become necessary to increase the 
supply; but it is thought much cheap- 
er to keep the meters in repair and main- 
tain water works of double the capacity 
sufficient without meters. 

Itseems inevitable that the meter system 
should rapidly grow in favor with im- 
provement of the present forms of meter. 
In a few cities their use is already exten- 
sive. In London* nearly 40 per cent. of 
the houses supplied by the various water 
companies are now provided with meters. 
In New York and Boston, meters have 
been introduced into from 5 to 10 per 
cent. of the services. In Providence, R. 
I., 50 per cent. In San Francisco 20 per 
cent. In Oakland 3 or 4 per cent. 

Tue Comparison. or Merers,—A just 
and comprehensive comparison of the 
merits of competing meters will frequent- 
ly involve an extended investigation. If, 


* See London Engineer of Aug. 1, 1884. For detailed 
information concerning the U. S. and Canada, see cir 
cular of National Meter Co., N. Y. 


14 


for instance, the extent and effect of wear 
and rusting are difficult to estimate, pro- 
longed trial may become necessary. 

Of the more important considerations 
in such a comparison, the following are 
enumerated in an order not pretending to 
indicate relative importance. | 

Delivery under various effective heads. 

Greatest advisable rate of delivery. 

Accuracy of registration at various rates 
of delivery. 

Sensitiveness. 

Necessity and difficulty of special ad- 
justment. 

Permanence of initial degree of accu- 
racy and sensitiveness. . 

Liability to obstruction. 

Compactness. 

Price, both upon the basis of delivery 
and of greatest advisable effective head. 

Expense of repairs, including the con- 
sideration of the life of the meter. 

Head lost in the meter.—By head lost 
is understood the difference of the heads 
in the inlet and the outlet openings. If 
H is the actual head at the inlet and / 


15 


that at the outlet, then the head lost is 
H-h. The rate of delivery will depend 
upon this difference of heads, and not up- 
on the actual magnitude of H and h. 

In each of the meters described, the 
law of loss of head is, within a practical 
limit, roughly the same—the resistance 
being mainly due to impact and fluid fric- 
tion, and therefore approximately propor- 
tional to the square of the rate of delivery. 

This is about the same as the law of loss 
in a pipe. Hence the loss of head in a me- 
ter is fittingly indicated by the length of 
pipe of given diameter which will cause 
the same loss. Thus 10 feet of 4-inch pipe, 
or 30 feet of 23-inch pipe, will occasion 
the same loss as the Worthington 2-inch 
or the Hesse 4-inch meter. 

Effective head.—By effective head is 
understood the actual head necessary to 
force water through the meter at a given 
rate. This is equal then to the “head 
lost” plus the velocity head in the outlet 
pipe, and will, in the meters mentioned, 
be very little greater than the “head 
lost.” 


16 


Delivery of the meter.—It is customary 
to designate the size of a meter by the 
diameter of service pipe for which the in- 
let and outlet openings are fitted. This 
classification furnishes no general meas- 
ure of delivery. When the rate of de- 
livery is approximately the same function 
of the head lost, in each, it is admissible 
to adopt a unit and classify the meters 
accordingly. 


The loss in the delivery of a service 
pipe occasioned by the introduction of a 
Worthington 2’’ or a Hesse 4” meter, is 
easily calculated. 


Suppose for example the 8-inch service 
pipe to have a length of 100 feet; also 5 el- 
bows each equivalent, in loss of pressure 
occasioned, to 5 feet of pipe; also one 
service cock, together with minor obstruc- 
tions equivalent to 25 feet of pipe. The 
equivalent length of pipe, of diameter, 
d= inch, is 7,=150 feet =1800 inches. 
After introduction of meter /,=(150 +30) 


Lf 


<12=2,160 inches. Weisbach’s formula 
gives 

| 2H 

1415 

wherein H will be the effective’ head in 
the main, v the velocity in the service 
pipe, and A a coefficient =.02 for such 
velocities as are here involved. If v, 
represents the velocity before, and v, 
after the introduction of the meter 


Pet: d+ii, TA 54.02 1,800 
Oh d+X1,~ " £4.02 x 2,160 


In other words, the meter would ovcasion, 
in the case given, a loss: in delivery of 
service pipe, of about 9%; in effective 
head back of the faucet, of about 1.00— 
(0.914)?=16%; in the kinetic energy or 
capacity for work, of about 1.00 —(0.914) 

Greatest Advisable Rate of Delivery 
—When a meter is taxed beyond a cer 
tain point it will be seriously damaged. 
A practical limit in rate of delivery is 
therefore fixed upon, and this should 
govern the selection. In addition to this 


v= 


= 0.914 


18 


limit in rate of delivery, the correspond- 
ing effective head should be given. The 
allowable effective head in the oscillating 
piston meters is small, in the. rotary 
piston meters considerably greater, i 
the velocity meters very high. Where a 
high head is at hand, and the capacity of 
the service pipe is great, an oscillating 
piston meter of large size should be used, 
whereas it is safe to introduce a compar- 
atively small velocity meter. 

Sensitiveness.—The rate of delivery nec- 
essary to cause motion of the dial hands, 
or the greatest quantity per minute which 
_ may pass without causing registration, 
_ will be taken as an inverse measure of the 
sensitiveness of the meter. 

The head lost and accuracy of a meter, 
are conveniently illustrated by means of 
curves. 

Curves of head lost (see diagram).— 
These were obtained by plotting on suit- 
able scales, in a rectangular co-ordinate 
system, the rates of delivery as abscissa, 
and the corresponding heads lost as or- 
dinates. | 


19 


Curves of Registry (see diagrams).— 
By recording the measurement of the ac- 
tual quantity delivered, and the reading 
of the index, under various rates of flow, 
the data is obtained for plotting a curve 
which will illustrate the effect of the 
change in rate of delivery upon the accu- 
racy of registration. The curves given 
were obtained by plotting the rates of de- 
livery as abscisse, and the corresponding 
per cent. registered of the actual quantity 
delivered as ordinates. 

Upon the basis of the considerations 
enumerated, a comparison of the meters 
selected has been instituted. <A state- 
ment of this comparison will be preceded 
by a detailed description of each meter 
concerned. 

Piston Meters.—In the piston meters 
mentioned, the oscillating pistons dis- 
place a quantity of water each stroke. 
The measure of the quantity delivered, 
is, in the Worthington the number of 
strokes, in the Kennedy the approximate 
distance traveled by the piston. The de- 
gree of accuracy for the various rates of 


20 


delivery, will depend in the Worthington 
upon the differences in length of stroke, 
the piston leakage, the action of the valves, 
&¢c. In the Kennedy there is a depend- 
ency upon, but slight differences in the 
length of stroke, upon leakage, etc. These 
and similar meters are frequently termed 
volume or positive meters, in contradis- 
tinction to. velocity or inferential meters. 
No assumption of advantage is authorized 
by such a distinction. The approximate 
volume is registered in either case, and 
there is no general difference in the di- 
rectness of transmission from the meas- 
uring part to the index. 

Description of the Worthington Piston 
Meter (see Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 4) )—Letters 
of reference refer to the same parts in the 
different figures. In this meter two pis- 
ton plungers are closely fitted in parallel 
cylinders. By means of two slide valves, 
the water is admitted under pressure into 
the chamber at one end of each plunger 
alternatively, while connection is made 
between the chamber at the other end 
and the discharge pipe. Thus the piston 


Phy 


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21 


in moving, displaces the volume escaping 
through the discharge pipe. The arrange- 
ment is such that the strokes of the two 
plungers alternate, the valve actuated by 
the one admitting the pressure to the 
other. The displacement, (area of piston 
times length of stroke) multiplied by the 
number of strokes will give approximately 
the volume of water delivered. The in- 
dexing apparatus is arranged to move 
the dial hands once every fourth stroke, 
3 such movements registering ;1, cubic 
foot in the 3-inch meter. 

The water enters through opening A 
into chamber B. In the position of 
plungers shown, the water then passes 
through port @ (of valve C'), channels 0 
and ¢ into chamber D!. Plunger P' is 
moved to the left, forcing the water of 
chamber D* through channels d, ¢, ports 
fand g into outlet H. In the last third 
of the stroke, valve C’ is shifted to the 
left, establishing communication between 
chambers B and E’, through port *’ and 
channels / and m—and at the same time 
connecting chamber E! with outlet H 


eo 


22 


24 


through channels n and o and port p. 
Plunger P’* is moved to the right, shift- 
ing, in the last third of its stroke, valve 
C', and thus establishing communication 
between chambers B and D’ through port 
f and channels e and d. 

The pistons are brought to rest at the 
end of the stroke by rubber seatings S?, 
ae 

Piston P, imparts a reciprocating mo- 
tion to lever L, which, in combination with 
the movable pawl M, ratchet-wheel W, 
stationary pawl N, and index gear R, 
causes the dial hand U to register for 
each four plunger strokes (single strokes) 
35 of a cubic foot, 

Fig. 1 isasection through wv (see Figs. 
2 and 8). 

Fig. 2 is asection through wz (see Figs. 
1, 2. and 4, ). 

Fig. 3 is a view from below with base 
plate (Fig. 4,) removed, showing the 
walls of chamber R partly in section. 

Fig. 4, is a top view of the base plate, 
showing valves, ports, etc. 

Fig. 4) is a plan of the valve ports, 


LL! 
yh ox 


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2, > <a ram i ’ 

tnt y oes Af ry 
F <>. Ib sy Pe, pie a = 
CM Aw? P Me Ps 
ey ie 
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as 
By og 
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CN ia 


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Fic, 5. 


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Le 


KENNEDY MET 


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WffP/’”"”AY 


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25 


channels and outlet, showing how channel 
o passes under channel /, channel e under 
channel /, etc. 

Description of the Kennedy Piston 
Water Meters* (see Figs. 5, 6, 7).—TLe 
measuring cylinder (A) forms the base of 
the meter, and is fitted with a piston (B) 
made of vulecanite. The piston is made 
to move perfectly water-tight and almost 
free from friction, by means of a solid 
eylindrical ring (C) of pure * Para” rub- 
ber, which rolls between the body of the 
piston and the internal surface of the 
cylinder. Each end of the cylinder is 
. fitted with an india rubber seating (D), 
on which the piston will form a water- 
tight joint, if back pressure shouid force 
it to either end of the cylinder; undue 
pressure is thus prevented from being 
thrown on the piston roller. 

The piston rod (KE), after passing 
through a stuffing box (F) in the cylinder 
cover (G), is attached to arack (H) which 


* Description and figures are taken with but slight 
changes from the circular of the Kennedy Patent W. 
M. Co., Kilmarnock, Scotland. 


26 


gears into a pinion (K) fixed on the shaft 
(L). The shaft is turned in reverse di- 
rections, actuating the reversing and in- 
dexing gear (M) as the piston moves up 
and down. The rack is kept in gear and 
guided in a vertical line by an anti-fric- 
tion roller, which is carried on a stud 
projecting from one of the shaft-bearing 
brackets. The cock-key (P), which di- 
rects the water aiternately above and 
below the piston, is placed in the same 
axial line as the shaft, and is fitted with 
a duplex lever (Q), which is actuated by 
a weighted lever (R) carried loosely on 
the shaft, and caused to fall alternately 
on each arm of the duplex lever. The 
weighted lever, after reversing the key, 
falls on a buffer (S) faced with india rub- 
ber, which, yielding before it and travel- 
ing in the same curve, gradually brings it 
to rest. 


Fig. 5 is a side section through the — 
center shaft, cock-key, and piston. 


Fig. 6is a front section of cock-key (P) 
and water passages (U, inlet, and V outlet). 


27 

Fig. 7 is a horizontal- aa 
line UV. <h 

The meter is shéwn in ihe popition of” 
having nearly c mpleted its’ upward 
stroke. The watetenters at theinlet (U), 
and is directed by the cock-key.down the Hj 
passage (W) to the botten “of the Papper, ey, 
forcing up the piston, which= < 
water (which on the previous down- Arona 
entered above the piston,) up through the 
passage (X), passing behind passage (V), 
and is directed by the cock-key into the 
outlet passage (V). When the piston has 
moved up a little farther, the bob (w ight- 
ed lever R) will pass its point of unstable 
equilibrium and fall on the key arm (arm 
of duplex lever Q) which it will send 
down until it is stopped by the buffer 
box (S). The key will then be at right 
angles to its position as shown in Fig. 6. 
The water will then be directed from U 
down X into the top of the cylinder, fore- 
ing the piston down, while the water ad- 
mitted below during the last stroke is 
torced up the passage W and out by the 
outlet V. When the piston has arrived 


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near the bottom of the cylinder, the lifter 
will have lifted the bob from the left side 
of the buffer-box and raised it to the point 
of unstable equilibrium; from there it will 
have fallen on the right hand key-arm, 
and have brought back the cock-key to 
its former position, ready to begin another 
upward stroke. 

It is unnecessary to illustrate here the 
method of converting the reciprocating 
motion of the shaft (L) into the circular 
motion (in one direction) of the index 
wheels (M), and thus causing to be regis- 
tered a quantity approximately propor- 
tional to the distance traveled by the pis- 
ton.* 


* A ratchet is interposed between the pinion and the 
registering gear, and the degree of approximation in 


30 


Vetociry Mrtrers.—In the velocity me- 
ters of the Siemens system a small wheel 
is driven by the passing water, and the 
number of revolutions is the measure of 
the quantity delivered. .The frictional 
resistance, offered by the journals of the 
wheel spindle and the registering appar- 
atus, cause important modifications of the 
velocity of the wheel. The Hesse meter 
practically overcomes the objectionable 
influence of this resistance, but it will be 
shown that, even if it could be wholly 
avoided, perfect accuracy of registration 
would not thereby be effected. 

Description of the * English” Siemens 
Velocity Water Meter* (see Figs. 8, 9). 
-—Of the Siemens system there are two 
important forms, the one manufactured 
by Guest & Chrimes of Rotherham, Eng- 
land, and the other by Siemens & Halske 
of Berlin. The former will be termed the 
‘“‘Knglish” Siemens, and the latter the 
“German” Siemens. 


indicating the ‘‘ length of piston travel” depends upon 
the number of teeth in the ratchet. 

* Description, in the main, and figures taken from 
the circular of Guest & Chrimes. | 


GERMAN SIEMENS METER 


, “Bs 
Y -—— 
S yl Ners 


31 


It will be seen from the figure of the 
English Siemens meter, that the water 
passes, as indicated by the arrows, from 
the inlet pipe through a funnel, into a 
small reaction wheel, or Barker’s mill (H), 
(constituting the measuring drum,) caus- 
ing it to revolve. The water then passes 
on to the outlet pipe. The motion im- 
parted to the measuring drum is com- 
municated to the index, and thus a quan- 
tity proportional to the number of revolu- 
tions of the drum, registered. 

Fig. 8 is a perspective view of the drum 
or measuring medium (H), showing the 
adjusting or regulating vanes aaa, and 
curved water ways 0d 0. 

Fig. 9 is a section of the meter, filter 
and unions complete. A is the inlet. C 
and E are filters for the purpose of pre- 
venting foreign substances from passing 
into the drum H. The motion of this 
drum is retarded and suitably regulated 
by the vanes aaa. J isan oil-box for the 
purpose of lubricating the spindle K. N 
is the outlet. O is the spindle of the 
drum, with screw Q attached for the pur- 


32 


pose of giving motion to the wheeis of 
the dial work R. SS is an oil chamber 
for the purpose of lubricating and pro- 
tecting the dial wheels from the action of 
the water, ete. 

Description of the “German” Siemens 
Velocity Water Meter* (see Figs. 10, 11). 
—lhis meter differs from the “ English ” 
Siemens in so far as the motor is con- 
cerned, a small pressure wheel taking the 
place of the reaction wheel. 

The water having entered the meter 
through the inlet pipe U, passes through 
the openings «aaa, in the brass casing 
A, and coming in contact with the buckets 
6666, imparts motion to the wheel. The 
water then escapes through openings c ¢, 
and finally discharges into the outlet 
pipe V. 


* The figures are taken from a valuable article, on 
the subject of water meters, in the German “ “ivilin- 
genieur”’ of the year 1875, by B. Salbach, Kgl. Baurath 
at Dresden. At the instigation of the City Council of 
Dresden, au exhaustive set of tests were made of 
twelve ‘‘ meters of the most modern construction ”’— 
among these the Kennedy, the ‘‘ English” and the 
‘“*German’S Siemens. Further reference will be made 
to this article. 


HESSE METER 


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The manner in which the motion is im- 
parted to the wheel is transmitted to the 
index, is the same as in the. “ English” 
Siemens. In order to keep out the coarse 
sediment, the water is made to pass 
through a screen before entering the me- 
ter. For the purpose of regulating the 
velocity of the wheel, four small openings: 
eeeeare bored into casing A, in a direction 
opposed to the motion of the wheel; and. 
by closing or enlarging these, the velocity 
of the wheel may be increased or reduced. 

The stationary ribs dd counteract in 
part the tendency of the water to rotate. 

Description of the Hesse Velocity 
Water Meter (see Figs. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 
17, 18).—The water from the inlet pipe 
enters channel A (Fig. 12), passes through 
openings aa (Figs. 12, 13), and striking 
the buckets 56 (Figs. 12, 13), imparts 
motion to the measuring wheel—a press- 
ure wheel similar in character to that of 
the ““German” Siemens. The water passes 
then from the wheel chamber B into 
chamber ©, mainly through valve open- 
ing d (Fig. 12), and in part through 


34 


chamber e, opening jf, chamber g, and 
eonical tube / (Figs. 16, 17), and is finally 
discharged through chamber D into the 
outlet pipe. 

The motion of the measuring wheel is 
transmitted to the worm wheel H (Figs. 
16, 17), by means of the endless screw F 
(Fig. 16), which is attached to the upper 
end of the wheel spindle G (Figs. 12, 16). 
This worm wheel, in revolving, interrupts 
intermittently the direct flow of that por- 
tion of the water which passes through 
chamber g. In the position of the worm 
wheel shown in (Fig. 16), the solid arm 
of the wheel (the cause of this interrup- 
tion) is just passing the openings 7 and A, 
hence direct flow through these openings 
is just beginning. During the interval of 
direct flow the action is comparable to 
that of the jet pump, causing the press- 
ure in chamber g to fall below that in 
chamber C. The interruption of the di- 
rect flow causes the pressure to rise paeieh 
that in chamber C. 

The alternating high and low pressures 
in chamber g, thus induced by the slow 


35 


rotation of the worm wheel, cause the 
cap K of the bellows-like rubber dia- 
phragm E (Figs. 12, 16,17) to rise and fall 
accordingly. The number of such pulsa- 


tions or strokes is directly proportional 
to the number of rotations of the meas- 
uring wheel. The length of the stroke 
is limited by the heads of set screws LL 
(Figs. 12, 16, 17). 


36 


This reciprocating motion of the cap K 
is transmitted and converted into the 
circular motion of the gear wheels of the 
index, through lever M, rock-shaft N, 


Fic. 16. 


@ 
WHEEL EN VET 


Wi. 
° fi 


shaft P, lever R, pawl S, and ratchet 
wheel T (Figs. 12, 14, 14). 

The dial hands are thus made to regis- 
ter a quantity, which is directly propor- 
tional to the number of revolutions of the 
measuring wheel. The measuring wheel 
is made of hard rubber of specific gravi- 
ty 1.2, and with the cork attachment (U*) 


* The cork attachment is unnecessary, as the weight 
of the wheel in water is sufficiently small without it. 


37 


_has the same weight as an equal volume 
of water. There is then so little press- 
ure upon the journals of the spindle G, 
that the frictional resistance offered is 


Badts 


enna La VM 


penny — ee 
LLM , a. i 


a 


WHOA 


& 


exceedingly small. The worm wheel H 
rests loosely in its bearings, offering but 
little resistance to_rotation. Since in 
38 revolutions of the measuring wheel, 
but one revolution is given to the worm 
wheel, the work and hence the effective 
resistance is minute. The frictional re- 
sistance due to the periodic pressure 
upon the journals of the worm wheel, as 


38 


the arm passes opening 7, was found by 
experiment to be very small. 

When the meter is delivering water at 
rates above three or four gallons per 
minute, the valve J is lifted, but the dif- 
ference of pressures in chambers B and 


C is far greater than-that needed to oper- 
ate the bellows. When the rate of de- 
livery is small, the valve is seated, and 
the entire quantity is forced through 
chamber g, insuring the action of the 
bellows. 

The alternate rise and fall of pressure 


39 


in chamber g, furnish an abundant sur- 
plus of power to provide against undue 
resistance in the stuffing box X (Fig. 12), 
and all differences due to the character 
of the workmanship, and to wear or cor- 
rosion of the parts of the registering ap- 
paratus. 

The measuring wheel does not supply 
the power expended in moving the regis- 
tering apparatus, hence the unavoidable 
changes in the latter do not affect the ac- 
curacy of the meter. This points to the 
distinctive feature of the Hesse meter. 

m,m,and n,n (Figs. 12, 13) are sta- 
tionary ribs provided for the purpose of 
checking in part the rotation of the water 
in chamber B, and offering additional re- 
sistance to the motion of the wheel. 
Such resistance diminishes the detrimen- 
tal influence of the solid friction, and 
causes almost immediate stoppage of the 
wheel in case the water is suddenly shut 
off. ‘ 

The meter tested is provided with con- 
nections for 4 inch pipe. Openings aa 
have .°, inch diameter. Valve opening d 


40 


has 2 inch diameter. Weight of valve J 
is 0.16 lb. Entire weight of meter is 
21.4 lbs. 

Fig. 12 is a vertical section through s¢ 
(see Fig. 14). 

_ Fig. 13 isa horizontal section through 
uv (see Fig. 12). 

Fig. 14 is a top view of the meter with 
the dial box removed, showing the dials, 
ete. 

Fig. 15 isa top view of that portion of 
the registering apparatus contained in 
chamber C (see Fig. 12). 

Fig. 16 is a vertical section of the bel- 
lows-like diaphragm, etc., taken through 
wa (see Fig. 15). 

Fig. 17 is another vertical section of 
the same through yz (see Fig. 15). 

Fig. 18 is a section of the screen or 
filter which is interposed between the 
meter and the inlet pipe. 

The material used in constructing the 
meter is shown by the manner of shad- 
ing the sections. It may be found ad- 
vantageous to make a different selection 
for some of the parts. The meter will 


41 


not serve for the delivery of hot water 
without radical changes in the material. 

The Kennedy and the Siemens Curves 
(see diagrams) were obtained from the 
experiments of Mr. Salbach (see foot 
note), who used such curves as a means 
of comparison. 

The volume of water delivered was 
measured in an accurately constructed 
tank. The loss of head was given by the 
difference of the readings of two large 
quicksilver manometers, the one com- 
municating with the inlet, and the other 
with the outlet pipe immediately adjacent 
to the meter. 

Tests were made under mean heads* 
of about 45 and 150 feet. The change of 
mean head had no material effect upon 
the curves of registry of these meters, 
excepting in the case of the “‘ German” 
Siemens meter II, which gave better re- 
sults under the greater head, and even 
this was doubtless due to cleaning of the 
meter in the interval. The effect upon 


* It is presumed that by ‘‘ mean head ”’ is meant the 
verage head in the inlet pipe. 


42 


the curves of head lost was not important, 
and was probably due, as Mr. Salbach 
says, (mainly) to some imperfections in 
the manometers when under low pressure, 
The curves of registry were plotted from 
the tests made under the lower mean 
head, the curve from tests under the high- 
er mean head being added for the “ Ger- 
man” Siemens meter JI—II, lower, II) 
higher mean head. The curves ofghead 
lost were plotted from the tests under 
the higher mean head. 

The Worthington B, C and D curves 
_of registry were plotted from the results 
of experiments conducted by Prof. Hesse, 
as chairman of a committee appointed by 
the Board of Managers the Twelfth In- 
dustrial Exhibition of the Mechanics’ In- 
stitute 1878 (published in report). Me- 
ter B had never been in use, C had been 
in use 3 months, D 8 months. A number 
of others were tested showing the effect 
of wear, ete. 

The Hesse and the Worthington A 
curves were plotted from the results of a 
set of tests conducted by the writer, with 


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43 


the assistance of Mr. H. Dikeman, a stu- 
dent of engineering in the University of 
California. 

The Hesse meter tested, forms a part 
of some experimental apparatus in the 
Mechanical Laboratory. 

The Worthington A is a 4-inch meter 
which was specially selected by Mr. Pur- 
cell of the Oakland Water Co. to serve as 
a test meter. 

The quantity of water delivered was 
weighed to +; lb., and the pressure meas- 
ured by means of a sensitive gauge de- 
seribed in the Mining and Scientific 
Press of September 2, 1882, also in Bul- 
letin No. 1 of the College of Mechanics. 
With this gauge the heads could easily 
be measured to +, of a foot. The time 
was observed only to single seconds. The 
results of these tests are tabulated below. 
The diameters of the inlet and outlet 
pipes were the same at the points where 
connected with the pressure gauge, so 
that it was unnecessary to make allow- 
ance for the velocity heads at these points 
in order to obtain the effective difference 


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46 


of heads. The temperature of the water 
varied 2° F., averaging 55° F. 

The possible error in these tests, it is 
thought, may be safely taken at 1 per 
cent. in the rate of delivery, at + per cent. 
in the ratio of ‘registered to actual de- 
livery, and at one foot in head lost at high 
rates, and ;*, foot at low rates. 

The Hesse meter, experimented with, 
had previously been subjected to various 
tests by the Oakland Water Co., and had 
delivered during four months, 62,000 
cubic feet (in great part at the rate of 124 
gallons per minute), without being in the 
least damaged. This is a greater quan- 
tity than would be drawn in 5 years in 
the average service. However, it must 
be borne in mind that this test involved 
the important element of time only to a 
small extent. 


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DiscussION OF THE CURVES OF HEAD LOST. 
—These are approximately parabolic, and 
may be represented roughly by the equa- 
tion H—A=A+B Q'*, wherein Q is the 
quantity delivered in cubic feet per sec- 
ond, A and B constants. In the.Worth- 
ington 23-inch A=0.4, B=46,000. 

These curves simply serve the purpose 
of determining the deliveries of the sey- 
eral meters, prior to making comparisons 
of sensitiveness, cost, &e. By following 
the 20 feet line it will be seen that with 
this loss of head the Worthington 8-inch 
delivers 9.1 gallons per minute, the Hesse 
4-inch 9.1; the English Siemens 1 inch 
18.5; the German Siemens 1 inch 25.1; 
the Kennedy 1 inch 32.0. If then the de- 
livery of the Worthington 8 inch, under 
effective head of twenty feet,* is adopted 


as unit, we have: Worthington 8”....1, 
Hesse4”....1. EnglishSiemens1”....2, 
German Siemens 1”....23, Kennedy 
Le gee 


It would have been of great advantage 


* The velocity head in the 54 inch outlet is small, and 
is therefore neglected. 


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49 


in making the comparisons which follow, 
could the sizes of the several meters have 
been so selected as to make the deliveries 
the same under the same effective head. 
Discussion oF THE CorveEs OF REGISTRY. 
—The notable properties of these curves 
are to be found in the degree of approxi- 
mation to parallelism of the horizontal 
sweep to the axis of abscisse, and in the 
proximity of the vertical sweep to the 
axis of ordinates. The former furnishes 
the true criterion for estimating the de- 
gree of accuracy which may be reached 
by adjustment, the latter indicates the 
degree of sensitiveness of the meter. | 
These curves may be shifted up or 
down, or the curves remaining station- 
ary, the 100% lines may be so shifted by 
a simple adjustment of the meter. This 
may be effected, in each of the meters, by 
changing the number of teeth in one or 
more of the gear wheels leading to the 
index, since this number determines the 
ratio of the movements of the dial hands 
to the movements of the pistons in the 


50 


piston meters, and of the measuring 
wheels in the velocity meters. 

Such a change may be effected also, 
though to a smaller extent, as follows: 

In the Worthington, by adjustment of 
the length of stroke. 

In the English Siemens, by change of 
the regulating vanes aaa. 

In the German Siemens, by increase of 
the openings @aaa or eeee, or by 
change of the buckets. 

In the Hesse, by change of the num- 
ber of teeth in worm wheel .H, or by in- 
crease in size of openings aa, or by 
change of the buckets or stationary ribs. 

An inspection of the curves will bring 
out some marked features. 

The Worthington curve, for quantities 
above three gallons per minute, becomes 
practically a right line, strongly inclined 
to the axis of abscisse, showing at low 
rates. too great, and at high rates too 
small a registry. This is doubtless due, 
in the main, to the differences in length 
of stroke. This stroke is on the average 
a little above two inches. A 2 inch rub- 


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51 


ber seating is compressed at each end of 
the stroke by an amount, increasing with 
the momentum or with the velocity of the 
piston, hence with the rate of delivery. 
If the difference in the magnitude of this 
compression, between rates of 3 and 16. 
gallons per minute, is ;/; inch each seat- 
ing, there results $ inch difference in 
length of stroke. The meter registers 
the number of strokes, hence, if adjusted 
to register correctly at rate of 3 gallons, 
it will register about 46=6% too little at 
rate of 15 gallons per minute. 

As the rate becomes less than 3 gal- 
lons per minute, the diminution in length 
of stroke is more marked. 

The Kennedy curve, when compared 
with the Worthington, shows the advan- 
tage of registering the approximate dis- 
tance traveled by the piston, in place of 
the number of strokes, the main sweep 
being practically parallel to the axis of 
abscissee, By proper adjustment, 7. ¢., 
by shifting the 100% line upward 1.054 
(see dotted line), this curve is made al- 
most perfect. 


52 


¢ The Siemens curves were improved by 
adjustment (see dotted lines). They show 
inferiority in point of sensitiveness. This 
is due to the resistances of solid friction 
opposing the motion of the measuring 
wheels. 

The Hesse curve shows a favorable ad- 
justment, and a degree of sensitiveness 
nearly equal to that of the best piston 
meters. The effect of solid friction is not 
observable for quantities exceeding one 
gallon per minute. The curve, following 
the law of combined fluid pressure and 
resistance, rises rapidly for quantities 
less than four gallons per minute. If 
there were absolutely no solid frictional 
resistance, the curve would mount to a 
great height as the quantity approached 
zero—see considerations which led to the 
adoption of the form of measuring 
wheel. 

Comparison. — The meters described 
will be compared with reference to the 
considerations enumerated. 

Ist. The accuracy will primarily be 
compared by means of the adjusted 


53 


curves, and without reference to perma- 
nency. Such comparison shows.the Ge, 
nedy curve to be without doubt the 

then follow in order the Hesse, Sue 
Worthington A and B, the German Sie+ 


mens, the English Siemens, the Worth- 


ington D. 


2d. The necessity Wy: special adjust-_ 


ment is greater in the Worthington than 
in the Kennedy, in the\Siemens thanan 


the Hesse. A close comparison is diffiy 


cult without the experience*of the mant- 
facturers ; it is apparent, however from 
the curve, that even the Kennedy requires 
a special adjustment if great accuracy is 
sought. 

3d. The difficulty of special adjustment 
is greater than it should be, in each of 
the meters excepting the Worthington. 
Provisions should be made for these ad- 
justments outside of the casing. In the 
Hesse meter, for instance, this might be 
effected by suitable provision for shifting 
of one or more of the stationary ribs. 
The Worthington is easily adjusted by 
tightening or loosening the screws of 


Sepa 


54 
the cap, covering one of the rubber seat- 
ings. 

4th. A certain degree of sensitiveness 
is important. This is apparent from the 
fact that one gallon in three minutes can 
be made to supply a household by use of 
a small storage tank. The Kennedy 1” 
will register a gallon in from 20 to 30 
minutes; the Worthington 8” and the 
Hesse 4’, a gallon in 15 minutes; the 
two one inch Siemens meters a gallon in 
from 1 to 14 minute. A direct compari- 
son of these figures would not be fair to 
the Siemens meters, as the deliveries 
(under given head) of the sizes tested 
were greater than those of the Worthing- 
ton and the Hesse. However, it is safe to 
say that the Siemens meters are much in- 
ferior in point of sensitiveness. The 
wear of the Worthington piston will cause 
deterioration in this respect, unless the 
meter is judiciously used. 

The sensitiveness of the Hesse meter 
may be greatly increased, but at the ex- 
pense of the accuracy at small rates of 
delivery. However, a rate of one gallon 


55 


in 15 minutes or 96 gallons in 24 hours, 
is about the minimum rate admitted in 
Providence, R. I., and only + of the quan- 
tity passed in the average service. Such 
a degree of sensitiveness makes theft out 
of the question. 

5th. With respect to permanency of 
sensitiveness and accuracy, it is confi- 
dently thought that the Hesse meter will 
stand foremost under a wide variation of 
wear, etc. 

There is no leakage due to wear of valves 
and piston, no alteration due to change 
of friction by wear, rusting, or oiling of 
the registering apparatus. The only 
parts which might be regarded as sensi- 
tive in this respect, are the circular open- 
ings aa; but as these are made of hard 
rubber, no rusting can take place, and any 
tendency towards diminution in size of 
these openings, by deposition of sedi- 
ment, is overcome by the rapid flow of 
water. Little of the wear which may 
take place in the meter is of a nature to 
effect its curve of registry. 


56 


It is probable that the Kennedy curve 
is reasonably permanent. 

The effect of wear, upon the Worthing- 
ton curve, is plainly shown by compari- 
son of curves B, C and D. It must be 
remarked, however, that it is unfair to 
charge against this meter a deterioration 
which appears to be due to over taxation. 
The manufacturing company calls special 
attention to the fact that their 3 inch me- 
ter should not be taxed with a delivery 
greater than 75 gallons per minute. This 
corresponds to an effective head of about 
16 feet. In San Francisco, where the 
hydrostatic head runs up to two hundred 
and fifty feet and more, it does not seem 
likely that the 8'’ Worthington is large 
enough for the average service. 

That the Siemens curves are not partic- 
ularly permanent is plain from the fact 
already mentioned, viz.: that the accuracy 
and sensitiveness depend upon the mag- 
nitude of the frictional resistance of the 
indicating apparatus, and this will vary 
constantly with rusting, wear, etc. Mr. 
Salbach, who has given the German Sie- 


57 


mens meter careful consideration, says it 
is capable of giving good results in every 
respect when new, but after a while the 
meter will deteriorate in so far as the ac- 
curacy is concerned in the measurement 
of quantities at small rate of flow. “The 
main cause,” he further says, ‘‘is the oil 
which is contained in the first chamber 
above the wheel, and which in time ad- 
heres to the gear wheels. A further 
detrimental effect is produced by freezing 
or thickening of the oil in case the tem- 
perature sinks to 2 or 3° C. From these 
facts it is plain that the oil chamber is a 
bad feature of this meter, and one that 
there should be an energetic effort made 
to overcome.” This has been effected in 
the Hesse Meter. 

6th. The hability to obstruction was 
not tested in the Worthington and Hesse 
meters, as similar data was wanting in 
connection with the others. A suitable 
screen (see Figs. 9 and 18) should be pro- 
vided for each meter to keep out the 
coarser obstructions, such as leaves, straw, 
chips of wood, wads of oakum, ete., which 


58 


are easily withheld. The liability to ob- 
struction is said to be a weak feature of 
some of the rotary piston meters, but not 
of the oscillating. To be sure a sandy 
deposit in the measuring cylinder will 
cause rapid wear in the Worthington, and 
a certain resistance to free rolling of the 
rubber ring in the Kennedy; but with 
reasonably clear water no serious diffi- 
culty seems likely to occur if the coarser 
obstructions are screened, and thus 
wedging of valves prevented. The sandy 
or muddy sediment is probably less 
detrimental to the velocity meters when 
properly constructed. It is suggested 
that the cylindrical wheel chamber in 
Hesse’s meter should be extended a few 
inches in length and provided with a 
waste cock at the bottom, for convenient 
discharge of accumulated sediment, in 
case it should be used for the measure- 


ment of muddy water. 
7th. The greatest advisable rate of de- 


livery is least in the Worthington, and 
most in the velocity meters. As already 
stated the Worthington is not guaran- 


59 


teed for an effective head exceeding 16 
or 20 feet, corresponding to a delivery of 
74 gallons per minute by the 2’', 15 gal- 
lons by the #’’, etc. The safe limit of 
effective head in the Kennedy is, accord- 
ing to the manufacturer’s statement, 
about 60 feet, the 2” delivering 20 gal- 
lons per minute, the 4’’ 30 gallons, the 
1” 70 gallons, ete. 

In the velocity meters the limit of head 
is exceedingly high. In the Hesse meter 
this limit is dependent almost solely 
upon the action of the rubber diapbragm. 
The difference of heads in chambers B 
and OC, measuring about twice the effec- 
tive pressure upon the diaphragm, will 
- depend upon the square of the ratio of 
areas of the valve opening d@ and jet 
openings aa. Inthe meter tested the 
diaphragm is subjected to but 5; of the 
total pressure lost in the meter, and this 
may be diminished at will by simple en- 
largement of the valve opening. By 
closing the opening / and fastening 
down the valve, the diaphragm was sub- 
jected to 25 feet of pressure without 


60 


damage. The diaphragm then would 
not give way under a total loss of head 
in the meter of 25xX20=500 feet. The 
further question which must be consid- 
ered, is: Will the bellows operate under 
the rapid motion of the worm wheel due 
to high loss of head? A greater head 
than 60 feet was not available for trial, 
but in this case the time occupied in lift- 
ing cap K was only one-half the inter- 
val of high pressure. If the velocity of 
registering should be too great under 
very high heads, the difficulty is simply 
remedied by increasing the width of the 
arm, or the number of teeth, in the worm 
wheel. It is not thought that this would 
be necessary as the rate of supply of 
water to the bellows chamber is nearly 
proportional to the velocity of the meas- 
uring wheel. 

Sth. The compactness of the velocity 
meter is great as compared with that of 
the oscillating piston meter. This will 
appear from a comparison of the weights 
of meters of about the same delivery. 

9th. The prices are given, as near as 


61 


possible, in the following table: The 
price, as well as weight, increases much 
more rapidly with increase of delivery 
under the same head, in the piston meters, 
than of the velocity meters. In either 
form, the price increases at a smaller 
rate than the delivery. For example, a 
Kennedy 1 inch meter, delivering four 
times as much as the 2 inch, costs less 
than 24 times as much; the English 
Siemens 14 inch, delivering five times as 
much as the # inch, costs less than twice 
as much. Any comparison therefore of 
the price of meters of different delivery 
should be made with caution. The fal- 
lacy is apparent in the claim made by the 
Kennedy Co. to the effect that their 1 
inch meter, delivering 2.02 times as much 
as the Siemens 1 inch, has over double 
the proportionate money value, and as it 
costs about 1.63 times as much as the 
Siemens, is therefore a % 
cheaper. Reference to the table will 
show that the Kennedy $ inch, delivering 


62 


TABLE OF DELIVERIES, GREATEST ADVISABLE 


OF 
A ‘ Delivery 
Size of in unit 9 gals. 

Name of Meter. | and out-lets. ea vee 

Tak head of 

rere 20 feet. 
Worthington...... 3 1.0 

3 ? 
1 2 

MIVENDECV res ois ood my ie 
4 1.8 
3 2.8 
1 5.4 
13 ieee 
English Siemens... . 2 
4 5 
3 8 
1 2.0 
14 2.9 
14 4.1 
German Siemens.. 1 2.5 
FICSSE Vacured fis kes. 5 1.0 


* The deliveries and greatest advisable effective 
heads in the Kennedy and English Siemens meters, 
were calculated from data furnished by the manufac- 


turers’ circulars. 


The Kennedy 4 inch meter is omit- 


ted, as it is not recommended by the manufacturing 


company. 


63 


Rates OF DeELivery, WEIGHTS AND PRICES 
METERS. 


Greatest Advisable 
Weight in 
Price 
Bees of Effective | lbs. avoir-| : 
delivery $ 
in gals. head dupois. 
per min. in feet. 

7.5 16 59 17.00 
15.0 a 103 27.00 
30.0 — 175 33.00 
19.9 60 104. 19.86 
30.0 -— 162 27.88 
50.0 — 206 33.82 
70.0 _— 322 46.00 

150.0 564 75.00 

*x * ee 9 12.10 

9 14.76 
——— =, ? 18.15 
———— — ? 21.30 
— —— ? 26.86 
— — ? 30.75 
merase —- 33 26.00 
capeatincaed etches 91 * * OK 


* * The greatest advisable effective head is many 
times greater in the velocity than in the piston meters. 


*** A careful estimate of the cost of manufacture 
of the Hesse meter, indicates a price considerably less 
than that of any other meter named. 


64 


less than the Siemens 1 inch, costs con- 
siderably more. 

The prices may be compared as fol- 
lows: 

(a.) Upon the basis of equal delivery, 
the list shows the Worthington to be 
cheaper for small sizes than the Kennedy 
or Siemens. As the deliveries increase, 
the ‘Siemens become cheaper than the 
Worthington or Kennedy. The price of 
the Hesse has not been definitely ascer- 
tained. 

(d.) Upon the basis of greatest advis- 
able rate of delivery, the velocity meters 
are by far the cheapest, and the Worth- 
ington the most expensive. This is an 
important consideration only where there 
is on hand an abundant surplus of head 
for the house service. If, for example, 
the head is such as to make the capacity 
of the service pipe 10 or 12 gallons per 
minute, it becomes advisable to employ 
a # inch Worthington, whereas a Siemens 
of far less delivery, or a $ inch Hesse 
meter will amply serve. 

10th. The expense of repairs of the 


65 


English Siemens meter is permanently 
guaranteed by the Manufacturing Co. 
for 5 % aunually upon the original cost. 
The actual expense in this and the Ken- 
nedy, seems to be in the neighborhood of 
3or4 % per annum upon the original 
cost. It is claimed that the average life 
of the rubber roller in the Kennedy is 
more than three years. If the Worthing- 
ton is overtaxed, the wear of the piston, 
etc., will necessitate expensive repairs in 
order to maintain its sensitiveness.. 

In the Hesse meter the life of the rub- 
ber diaphragm remains to be ascertained. 
It is known that pure rubber will deteri- 
orate quite rapidly when exposed to air 
and light; but it is claimed that in cool 
water, under the exclusion of light and 
air, it will remain intact for an indefinite 
period. The rubber diaphragm is not 
taxed as is the roller of the Kennedy. 
There was scarcely a perceptible wear in 
the Hesse meter during the passage of 
62,000 cubic feet of water. The velocity 
of the measuring wheel (190 revolutions 
per cubic foot) is far less than in the 


66 


Siemens meters of equal capacity, and 
its weight is trifling. The spindle does 
not pass through a stuffing box. The 
shaft P, which does pass through a stuff- 
ing box, makes only ;; revolution for 
each cubic foot registered. 
Conclusion.—The following is an at- 
tempt to rank the meters according to 
their merits with respect to the more 
definite of the considerations enumerated. 
This is done with a certain reserve, as, in 
some, cases, the information at hand is 
not sufficiently complete to admit of posi- 
tive conclusions. Where two meters are 
placed in the same vertical column no 
comparison between them is attempted. 


LO AGCUIACY caren ss Ki Wie een 
2. Sensitiveness ... K. in” Won 


S. 
3. Permanency....H. K. aw. 


4. Greatest advisable rate 
of delivery. 1H K. W. 


5. Compactness........... H Viewer AS 


equal delivery under the 
mame” Wedd. yo Praia <. 


6. Price—(a). Upon basis of ( 4; 
us K 


Price—(b). Upon basis of 9 
greatest advisable rate H K.W. 


Of COMVOr Yn. c. sce. an. 
S. 
7. Expense of repairs......H. < K. 
We: 


The Worthington, though sufficiently 
accurate, and quite sensitive when new, 
has very small advisable rate of delivery, 
and unless judiciously used is subject to 
deterioration with respect to sensitive- 
ness. 

The Kennedy, while extremely accu- 
rate and sensitive, and an excellent meter 
in other respects, is the heaviest and most 
expensive. 

The Siemens meters are very compact 
and admit of a high effective head with- 
out damage; but, while their accuracy 
is sufficient for considerable rates of de- 


68 


livery, they are inferior in point of sensi- 
tiveness. 

The Hesse meter combines, in the main, 
the good features of the others, with an 
advantage in respect to permanency of 
sensitiveness, price and wear. 

ConsTRUCTION OF THE HesszE MEasuRING 
Wuee.t.—The following is an abstractéof 
the statement made by Prof. Hesse with 
regard to the considerations which led 
him to the present construction of the 
measuring wheel, and the introduction of 
the stationary ribs. 

A is the area of opening, a. 

7, the radius of the wheel. 

v, the velocity of the wheel. 

c, the velocity of the water in passing 
opening a. 

P, the effective pressure (reduced to 
radius 7) of the jet upon the wheel, in- 
cluding all pressures, positive or negative, 
directly due to the action of the jet. 

R, the resistance (reduced to radius 7) 
caused by the displacement of the mass 
of the water. 

F, the solid frictional resistance (re- 


~ 69 


duced to radius 1), offered by the spindle 
journals and the worm wheel. 

M and N, constant coefficients of press- 
ure and resistance. 

For permanent (uniform) motion of the 
wheel— 


P=R+— (1) 


The actual quantity of water delivered, 
Ac. 

The quantity registered, Q! = By, 
wherein B is a constant determined by 
the gearing, etc. 

The ordinate in the curve of registry, 


1 
Q ay is dependent upon P, R and = 


oS 

On account of the variability in the 
workmanship and degree of wear, etc., 
upon the spindle journals and the worm 
wheel, the magnitude of F is subject to 
an unavoidable fluctuation of say 504. 
Therefore, by diminishing the influence 


of F upon = the permanency of the curve 


of registry is increased. It is evident al- 


70 . 


so that, by diminishing the value of 
E' 
mo the Q necessary to move the wheel is 
lessened, 7. e., the meter is made more 
sensitive. 

In order to show that velocity meters 
of this and similar forms are practicable, 
it is only necessary to point out that 


— is approximately constant. If this 


ratio were strictly constant, such a value 
of B could be reached by adjustment as 


as to make pI, and the meter would 


be perfectly accurate. 

If the losses of head are assumed to 
be proportional to the squares of veloci- 
ties, actual and relative, then 


VE alae aaa eet a ois 
P is os 2g (c?—Cc,’—2w"), 
wherein y is the weight of unit volume 
of water, C a constant, c, the relative ve- 
locity of the water to the bucket, w the 
actual velocity of discharge. See Fig. 


abs) Q=Ac. 


¢7=¢ + v’—2ve cos. p=cp(*), 
j 


i 
i 2 


W,=C,7e,"+ (=) v' —2 (cos. J) (“Jove 


Hence by transformation 


Paar) ee) -“ez) 


—9,(~)-9.() 


P=Mc'p(—.) | (2) 


Wherein the function of the ratio of 


or 


. . Vv . . 
velocities, gm | — }, increases with decrease 
Cc 


72 


of v—i.e. the pressure upon the wheel 
increases when ¢ remains constant and 
the velocity of the bucket, v, is forcibly 
diminished, 

R=Nv’? 
For F=o0, by introducing values of P and 
R into equation (1). 


Me'y(—) sa Nv; 


sg ees ap 
N? ( c =( c]* 
If then P were strictly proportional 


to c and @ (=) : = would be a constant 


for Po. 

However, the adopted law of loss of 
heads is a good approximation for con- 
siderable velocities only, therefore the re- 
sult obtained indicates simply that, if the 


v 
influence of F could be overcome, — 
c 


would not vary to any great extent, ex- 
cepting for small rates of delivery. 

The actual curve of registry, for F=o, 
is doubtless similar to that shown in Fig. 
20. 


73 


The ordinate in the curve of registry— 


132 piel 2any flay a 
Pe leery 


74 


This approaches the condition F=o, 
and the influence of a 50 @ fluctuation of 
F is the less, as the value of mee is di- 
minished—7. e. as F is diminished, or as 
7x and P are increased. 

It appears from the above that the 
meter will gain in sensitiveness and per- 
manency : 


(I.) by diminution of the solid friction- 
al resistance (F) ; 


‘(II.) by increase of the radius (r) of the 
measuring wheel ; 


(III.) by increase of the pressure (P) of 
the jet upon the wheel. 


This increase of P may be effected: 


(1) by reducing the area of the openings 
Gime 


* This is a convenient method of improving the 
curve of registry, but is limited in its application on 
account of the corresponding reduction of the deliy- 
ery of the meter under a given head. 


75 


(2) by increasing the resistance (R) of 
the water, and thus reducing the ve- 
locity (v) of the wheel. This increase 
of R is accomplished: 

(a) by increasing the area of bucket, 7. ¢., 
the effective displacing area ; 

(6) by introducing stationary ribs, and. 
thus checking in part the rotation of 


the body of water in the measuring 
chamber. 


In one wheel tested, a high degree of 
sensitiveness was reached, hy curving that 
portion of the bucket encountered by the 
jet, and arranging for outer feed, thus 
greatly increasing the pressure. How- 
ever, such refinement was found unneces- 
sary, and the small addition to the ex- 
pense was not deemed advisable. 

Due regard to the considerations enu- 
nerated, has led to sufficient sensitiveness 
and a high degree of permanency. 

Improvement of the Curve of Registry. 
—There remains to be considered the 
question of a further improvement of the 
curve of registry. An immediate improve- 


76 


ment of that portion of the curve corre- 
sponding to values of Q between 1 and 4 
gallons per minute, may be effected by a 
small increase of F (see Fig. 20); but it 
must be borne in mind that such increase 
of F is necessarily accompanied by a con- 
siderable loss in sensitiveness. 

Prof. Hesse devised the attachment 
shown in Fig. 21, with which the curve 
of registry was perfected without sacrifice 
of sensitiveness. 

The light hard-rubber valve V slips 
freely upon the outer surface of the tube 
W. If Q is considerable, say 6 gallons 
or more per minute, the valve V is lifted 
to its highest position and no water can 
escape through the openings pp. If Q, 
hence the effective head, is less, the valve 
will occupy a lower position of equilib- 
rium, and a small portion of the water 
will escape through the openings pp with- 
out assisting in the rotation of the wheel. 

Qi 
Thus Q 


as Q becomes smaller. This reduction is 
experimently regulated by the width of 


may be reduced more and more 


T7 


the openings pp, and by the curvature of 
the surface of valve V. 


bes - 


VM 


This is important in connection with a 
test meter only. The present curve of 
registry is all that may be desired in a 
house meter, and certainly no device 
should be attached to the meter which 
would detract from the permanency or 
add to the liability to obstruction. 


WATER METERS (GOMPTEURS D'EAU). 


BY 


CH. ANDRE. 


i 


o-™, 


f 


WAS 


WT 


Tue Frazer Murer (1872 Model). 


WATER METERS (COMPTEURS D’EAU).* 


THe Frazer METER. 


There are two forms of this meter: the 
first introduced in 1872 and the second 
in 1878. 

In the earlier pattern the general form 
was cylindrical; the smaller sizes being 
of cast iron and the larger of wrought 
iron plate. The water coming within the 
outer casing exerted pressure upon the 
pistons, of which there were four joined 
two and two, and single acting. There 
are two three-port slide valves, working 
horizontally. The valve for each pair of 
piston rods regulates the flow for the 
cylinders of the opposite pair. The reg- 


* The greater part of M. André’s paper is devoted to 
descriptions already given in Mr. Browne’s paper. 
Only the more important of the remaining ones are 
here given. 


82 


istering wheel work is moved by the pis- 
tons acting on a ratchet wheel. 

In 1878 Mr. Frazer patented his later 
form of meter, which differs from the first 
in several particulars. The outlet pipe is 
supplied with a rubber ball-valve, which 
serves to mitigate the water hammer 
shocks on the valves. The pistons turn 
upon their axes while making the stroke, 
so as. to insure a regular wear on the 
packing. 

There are two double-action pistons 
in place of the four single-action, thus re- 
ducing the length, weight, and price of 
the machine. 

The water enters from above, passes 
through a strainer which arrests solid 
particles and also serves to keep the 
valves in place during transportation. 

The valves rotate instead of working 
back and forward, and are driven by a 
key and collar on the piston-rod. The 
adjustment of the parts is such as to ad- 
mit of examination of the meter at any 
time. 

Furnished with a safety valve, this me- 


Ps} ; 
a a 


TL Lyi 
= ~~ AY a 
\ AG 


UUKAAA WAS EARDGDOL AE UNATENEN AL 
11SEC CN LET 


HY 


\ 
¢ 
iS 
IMS 
t 


sittin 


(—) 


| 
| 


eres 
pS] 
“Wis = 


_ 


— 
ir 
if 


SH 
> \\ fe 
S NN By 
SS Sy. Y 
XK \ ‘A 
\ Y 
\\ »~ 


De 


\ qT, = Z y YR NS 
. = 
1 Bl { 


} 


Tue Frazer Meter (1878 Model). 


4 


Sei ey 
ae bot 
Dy MD 


83 


ter has been applied to the measure of 
feed-water for boilers. 

The durability of the Frazer meter is 
very satisfactory. The packing of one at 
the Eastern Railway Station in Paris was 
recently renewed. It had registered 
200,000 cubic meters, and the packing 
was still water-tight. 


Tue Crown METER. 


This meter has a rotating piston and is 
known in France as the Nasch Meter 
(Compteur Nasch). 

The apparatus is enclosed in an iron 
box. The water enters below and passes 
through a copper strainer of large sur- 
face. 

It is composed of four strong pieces, 
only one of which is movable. One of 
these pieces is the so-calledcrown. Itis 
substantially a heavy ring with indenta- 
tions on the concave edge. A pinion 
rolling on the inside of this crown consti- 
tutes the piston. It separates the crown 
into two water ways. The piston has 


84 


one tooth less than the crown, The pis- 
ton has at the center of each face a cavity 
and a little further out a deep groove. 
The lower central cavity communicates 
with the upper groove by oblique conduits 
through the metal. In like manner the up- 
per central cavity communicates with the 
lower groove. The piston and the crown 
are of the same height, and are situated 
between two fixed discs which perform 
the office of valves. These discs are per- 
forated with curved conduits opening at 
their extremities on the side towards the 
piston. One of these extremities; the 
one nearest the point where the piston 
and crown are in contact, communicates 
with a groove, while the other extremity 
opens at 90° from this point into the 
open space between the teeth. 

The water enters by a central hole in 
the lower disc, traverses the piston, is 
conducted into the upper groove, thence 
by the curved conduits into the space be- 
tween the crown and piston and causes 
the piston to roll. 

The water then goes out through the 


85 


conduits of the lower plate; thence into 
the lower groove of the piston, passes 
through the piston and out through its 
upper central cavity. 


Tarr Crown METER. 


Crown, C. 


86. 
Valves, V. j 


¢ oq. 
i} es wh 
<, - 7 


The piston carries on its upper surface 
a bronze rod, which describes a circle and 
drives the registering wheels. 

The crown meter is especially adapted 
for measurement of large quantities of 
water under light pressure. It is also 
more exact when the delivery is small 
than are the velocity meters, but is less 
so than the ordinary piston meters. This 
naturally follows from the fact that the 
Crown meter is not furnished with pack- 
ing and a water-tight piston. Its effi- 
ciency depends chiefly upon precision of 
adjustment and lightness of its piston, 
which is made of vulcanite. It is put in 
action by a water pressure of two or 


87 


Vertical Section. 


three centimeters. Six liters of water 


per hour will keep one at work. 

From the experience in French cities, 
it is concluded that where exactness of 
measurement is regarded as the first im- 
portance, only the piston meters of ordi- 


88 


Plan View. 


nary type are in use. In the provinces 
the English Siemens meter is most widely 
employed. Other kinds of meters may be 
profitably employed in measuring veloc- 
ities. Piston meters are large and costly, 
but accurate and durable. The other 


89 


varieties are small, easy to work, but less 
exact and more delicate. 

The Crown meter occupies a sort of 
intermediate position between the two 
classes. Its capacity, its price, and its 
precision, entitle it to favorable consider- 
ation; but where solidity and durability 
are regarded as essential merits, the pis- 
ton meters are preferred. 


*," Any book in this Catalogue sent free by mail on receipt of price. 


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ADAMS (J. W.) Sewers and Drains for Populous Districts. 
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ALEXANDER (J. H.) Universal Dictionary of Weights and 
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AUCHINCLOSS (W. S.) Link and Valve Motions Simplified. 
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AXON (W. E.A.) The Mechanic’s Friend: a Collection of Re- 
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Bronzing—Cements—Drawing—Dyes—Electricity—Gilding 
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BACON (F. W.) A Treatise on the Richards Steam-Engine 
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BEILSTEIN (F.) An Introduction to Qualitative Chemical 
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BENET (Gen. S. V., U.S. A.) Electro-Ballistic Machines, and 
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BURGH (N. P.) Modern Marine Engineering, applied to Pad- 
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BURT (W. A.) Key tothe Solar Compass, and Surveyor’s Com- 
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eld; also description of the Linear Surveys and Public 
Land System of the United States, Notes on the Barome- 
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BUTLER (Capt. J. S., U.S.A.) Projectiles and Rifled Cannon. 
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CALDWELL (Prof. GEO, C.) and BRENEMAN (Prof, A. A. 
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CAMPIN ‘al AM Onthe Construction ofIron Roofs, 8vo, 
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CHAUVENET (Prof. W.) New method of correcting Lunar 
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CHURCH (JOHN A.) Notes of a Metallurgical Journey in 
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CLARK (D. KINNEAR, C.E.) Fuel: Its Combustion and 
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Combustion of Coal and the Prevention of Smoke, by C. 

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Mathematical, Astronomical, and Practical Instructions for 
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COFFIN (Prof J. H.C) Navigation and Nautical Astrono- 
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COLBURN (ZERAH). The Gas-Works of London. 12mo, 
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CORNWALL (Prof. H. B.) Manual of Blow-Pipe Analysis, 
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CRAIG (B. F.) Weights and Measures. An account of the 
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cial and Scientific Uses. Square 32mo, limp cloth.......... 50 
CRAIG (Prof. THOS.) Elements of the Mathematical Theory 
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DAVIS (C. B.) and RAE (F. B.) Hand-Book of Electrical Dia- 
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DIEDRICH ed rial The Theory of Strains : a Compendium 
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Cranes __ Illustrated by numerous plates and diagrams. 
SV0;. ClOth ans as sicters einctlela sie sis.0 seth sieele’al so athe e gies retest eee ee 5 00 


DIXON (D. B.) The Machinist’s and Steam-Engineer’s Prac- 
tical Calculator. A Compilation of useful Rules, and Prob- 
lems Arithmetically Solved, together with General Informa- 
tion applicable to Shop-Tools, Mill-Gearing, Pulleys and 
Shafts, Steam-Boilers and Engines. Embracing Valuable 
Tables, and Instruction in Screw-cutting, Valve and Link 
Motion, etc. 16mo, full morocco, pocket form ...([n press) 


DODD (GEO.) Dictionary of Manufactures, Mining, Ma- 
chinery, and the Industrial Arts. 12mo, cloth............ I 50 


DOUGLASS (Prof S.H.)and PRESCOTT (Prof. A.B.) Qual- 
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of Chemistry, and in the Work of Analysis, Third edition, 


Sv0; Cloth Fan, aurea steely on elacudigisres its aie verte aeoplees ok Doma RO 
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EASSIE (P. B.) Woodand its Uses. A Hand-Book for the use 
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ELIOT (Prof. C..W_) andSTORER (Prof, F. H.) A Compen- 
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with the co-operation of the authors. By Prof. William R. 
Nichols}=‘Tilustrated:- rami; scloths. 7s. sae alte eailees I 50 


ELLIOT (Maj. GEO. H., U.S.E.) European Light-House 
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FANNING (J. 7.) A Practical Treatise of Water-Supply En- 
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ractical Construction of Water-Works in North America. 
Third edition. With numerous tables and 180 illustra- 


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FISKE (BRADLEY A., U.S.N.) Electricity in Theory and 
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FOSTER (Gen. J. G., U.S. aT Submarine Blasting in Boston 
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FOYE (Prof. J: C.) Chemical Problems, With brief State- 
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FRANCIS (JAS. B., CE.) Lowell Hydraulic Experiments: 
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on the Flow of Water over Weirs, in Open Canals of Uni- 
form Rectangular Section, and through submerged Orifices 
and diverging Tubes. Made at Lowell, Massachusetts. 
Fourth edition, revised and enlarged, with many new ex- 
periments, and illustrated with twenty-three. copperplate 
SNPEAVINGSe ALOP CIOL ne sp cece ss sce dotehaddteshensas sovecslS 00 


FREE-HAND DRAWING. A Guide to Ornamental Figure 
and Landscape Drawing. By an Art Student, 18mo, 
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GILLMORE (Gen, Q. A.) Treatise on Limes, Hydraulic Ce- 
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numerous Experiments conducted in New York City during 
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Practical Treatise on the Construction of Roads, Streets, 

and Pavements. With 7oillustrations. 12mo, cloth...... «14 00) 
Report on Strength of the Building Stones in the United 

States, etc. 8vo, illustrated, cloth ...........-.sse0- » sists’) 1 50) 
Coignet Beton and other Artificial Stone. 9 plates, views, 

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GOODEVE (T. M.) A Text-Book on the Steam-Engine. 143 ; 

illustrations. 12mo, cloth...............- «bc Mekle atone 52.00; 


GORDON (J. E.H.) Four Lectures on Static Induction. 12mo, 


clot POOREST OHHH HEHEHE ISTHE EEH HEHEHE HE EEEEEEEHHEHEHEEEH HED 80 


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GRUNER (M. L.) The Manufacture of Steel. Translated 
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Ilustrated.. Svo, cloths. scar. tdece wns vee Sais ite wrap se meee $3 


HALF-HOURS WITH MODERN SCIENTISTS. Lectures 
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ayer, and Reed. Being the University Series bound up. 
With a general introduction by Noah Porter, President of 
Yale College. 2 vols."12mo, cloth, illustrated .......... ween 


HAMILTON (W. G.) Useful Information for Railway Men. 
Sixth edition, revised and enlarged. 562 pages, pocket form. 
Morocco, gilts 2 si tsdscie castes soe peta rie een toceeenein be anton 


HARRISON (W. B.) The Mechanic’s Tool Book, with Prac- 
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Workers, and others. Illustrated with 44 engravings. 
12M, ClOEN Fass cates Wee Aeilen Macetista en tee Caeeers ACO PERIL 


HASKINS (C. H.), The Galvanometer and its Uses. A Man- 
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HENRICI (OLAUS)._ Skeleton Structures, especially in their 
application to the Building of Steel and Iron Bridges. With 
folding plates and diagrams. 8vo, cloth................ team 


HEWSON (WM.) Principles and Practice of Embanking 
Lands from River Floods, as applied to the Levees of the 
Mississippi.’ .8vo; clathin estates cece a ayctteiele eieisin siete omar 


HOLLEY (ALEX. L.) A Treatiseon Ordnance and Armor, em- 
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concerning the materials, fabrication, requirements, capa- 
bilities, and endurance of European and American Guns, 
for Naval, Sea-Coast, and Iron-Clad Warfare, and their 
Rifling, Projectiles, and Breech-Loading; also, results of 
experiments against armor, from official records, with an 
appendix referring to Gun-Cotton, Hcoped Guns, etc., etc. 
948 pages, 493 engravings, and 147 Tables of Results, etc. 


2 50 


Svo, half-roanicy). 2% oe eases, emeec ans seenetes See ret hee et I0 00 


Railway Practice American and European Railway 
Practice in the economical Generation of Steam, including 
the Materials and Construction of Coal-burning Boilers, 
Combustion, the Variable Blast, Vaporization, Circulation, 
Superheating, Supplying and Heating Feed-water, etc., 
and the Adaptation of Wood and Coke-burning Engines to 
Coal-burning; and in Permanent Way, including Road-bed, 
Sleepers, Rails, Joint-fastenings, Street Railways, etc., etc. 


With 77 lithographed plates. Folio, cloth..........+....+6. 12 60 


HOWARD (C. R.) Earthwork Mensuration on the Basis of 
the Prismoidal Formule. Containing simple and labor- 
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from End Areas. Illustrated by Examples, and accom- 
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INDUCTION-COILS. How Made and How Used. 63 illus- 
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ISHERWOOD (B. F.) es geese Precedents for Steam Ma- 
chinery. Arranged in the most practical and useful manner 
for Engineers. With illustrations. Two volumes in one. 
Leo Stn) Tey Jae eae a pee a Sonate eaten aed ta) ieee 

JANNETTAZ (EDWARD). A Guide tothe Determination of 
Rocks: being an Introduction to Lithology. Translated 
from the French by G. W. Plympton, Professor of Physical 
Science at Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute. 12mo, cloth.... 


JEFFERS (Capt. W. N., U.S. N.) Nautical Surveying. Illus- 
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BUCCI Ae eee Wt BLD. Le oa Se Mino ete at cece c 


JONES (H, CHAPMAN). Text-Book of Experimental Or- 
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JOYNSON (F. H.) _ The Metals used in Construction: Iron, 
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Designing and Construction of Machine Gearing. Illus- 
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KANSAS CITY BRIDGE (THE). Withan account of the 
Regimen of the Missouri River, and a description of the 
methods used for Founding in that River. By O. Chanute, 
Chief-Engineer, and George Morrison, Assistant-Engineer, 
Illustrated with five lithographic views and twelve plates of 
PARTS AR ON CLOL EN, oe taral Ne oh linens a ees eee Me 


KING (W._H.) Lessons and Practical Notes on Steam, the 
Steam-Engine, Propellers, etc., etc , for youn Marine En- 
aval Students, and others. Revised by Chief-Engineer 


. W. King, U. S. Navy. Nineteenth edition, enlarged. 
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KIRKWOOD (JAS. P.) Report on the Filtration of River 
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made to the Board of Water Commissioners of the City of 

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CTH Meare pL ore SEE Ags, che) (gee De den a 15 


LARRABEE (C. S.) Cipher and Secret Letter and Telegra- 
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secret code ever invented or discovered. Impossible to read 
without the key, @ 18mo,. clothivjct a. es-sces seat atacceneenes 


LOCK (C. G.), WIGNER (G_ W.), and HARLAND (R. H.) 
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50 


2 50 


2 00 


Cane, Beet, and other sugars. 8vo, cloth, illustrated...... 12 00 


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LOCKWOOD (THOS, D.) Electricity, Magnetism, and Elec- 
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andins pectors, | Svo,clothicn: ia. ue las eee sree secesee eS2 50° 
LORING (A. E.) A Hand-Book on the Electro-Magnetic Tele- 

raph, Paper boards......... SECELE SOSH PER Se KI 50 

LOEW cs bcniteiicacies cols CCIE sainis.aalele(d ¢ cine Welbon oslo Ma area a ee 75 

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MacCORD (Prof. C. W.) A Practical Treatise on the Slide- 
Valve by Eccentrics, examining by methods the action of 
the Eccentric upon the Slide-Valve, and explaining the prac- 
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valve for its various duties in the steam-engine, Sécond edi- 
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McCULLOCH (Prof. R_S.) Elemertary Treatise on the Me- 
chanical Theory of Heat, and its application to Air and 
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MERRILL (Col. WM. E, U.S. A.) Iron Truss Bridges for 
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reference to economy in combination, etc., etc. Illustrated. 

AtG; Cloth wont case oreee a crekiaitre gtateto etidiwiele cord rime eee 5 00 


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MICHIE (Prof. P. S.) Elements of Wave Motion relating to 
Sound and Light. Text-Book forthe U.S, Military Acade- 
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MINIFIE(WM.) Mechanical Drawing. A Text-Book of Geo- 
metrical Drawing for the use of Mechanics and Schools, in 
which the Definitions and Rules of Geometry are familiarly 
explained ; the Practical Problems are arranged, from the 
most simple to the more complex, and in their description 
technicalities are avoided as much as possible. With illus- 
trations for Drawing Plans, Sections, and Elevations of 
Railways and Machinery; an Introduction to Isometrical 
Drawing, and an Essayon Linear Perspective and Shadows. 
Tilustrated with over 200 diagrams engraved on steel. Ninth 
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Engineer, Cabinet-maker, Millwright, or Carpenter, should be with- 

out it.’"’—Scientific American, - 


Geometrical Drawing. Abridged from the octavo edi- 
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— 


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MODERN METEOROLOGY. A Series of Six Lectures, de- 
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MORRIS (E.) Easy Rules for the Measurement of Earth- 
works, by Means of the Prismoidal Formula. 78 illustra- 
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MOTT (H.A., Jr.) A Practical Treatise on Chemistry (Quali- 
tative and Quantitative Analysis), Stoichiometry, Blow-pipe 
Analysis, Mineralogy, Assaying, Pharmaceutical Prepara- 
tions, Human Secretions, Specific Gravities, Weights and 
Measures, etc., etc., etc. New edition, 1883. 650 pages. 
BVG SCION e ceb ete ces ak cect seave PA cous oie tote tues en wbeae 4 00 


NAQUET (A.) LegalChemistry, A Guidetothe Detection of 

oisons, Falsification of Writings, Aculteration of Alimen- 

ay and Pharmaceutical Substances, Analysis of Ashes, 

and examination of Hair, Coins, Arms, and Stains, as aps 

lied to Chemical Jurisprudence, for the use of Chemists, 

hysicians, Lawyers, Pharmacists, and Experts. Translat- 

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Toxicology, etc., from the French. By J. P. Battershall, 

Ph.D., with a pretace by C. F. Chandler, Ph.D., M.D., 
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NOBLE (W. H.) Useful Tables. Pocket form, cloth........ oF hep 


NUGENT (E.) Treatise on Optics; or, Light and Sight, theo- 
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Fine Art ond Industrial Pursuits. With 103 illustrations. 
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PEIRCE (B.) System of Analytic Mechanics. 4to, cloth.....I0 00 


PLANE ABLE (THE). Its Uses in Fone papi Surveys 
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PLATTNER. Manual of Qualitative and Quantitative Ans 
alysis with the Blow-Pipe. From the last German edition, 
revised and enlarged. By Prot. Th. Richter, of the Royal 
Saxon Mining Academy. _ Translated by Prof. H. B. Corn- 
wall, assisted by John H. Caswell. Illustrated with 87 wood- 
cuts and one iithographic plate. Fourth edition, revised, 

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